Microbiologists study micro-organisms, which are central to many new scientific developments, such as genetic engineering and gene therapy. The work includes designing and conducting experiments, making observations and drawing conclusions, writing reports and scientific papers and presenting work at scientific meetings and conferences.

Within healthcare, some microbiologists work as medical laboratory scientific officers, dealing with samples from patients and isolating and identifying the microbes that cause illness (pathogens). Others practise as clinical microbiologists, working alongside hospital doctors, general practitioners and environmental health officers in the diagnosis and prevention of disease.

Outside healthcare, microbiologists might develop new products in the food industry or work in a public health laboratory, testing food, milk and water supplies for microbiological contamination. There are other openings in areas such as the pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and oil industries, where micro-organisms can be used to produce chemicals, hormones, antibiotics and enzymes, all of which can be of great benefit to society.

Entry level

A degree, and sometimes a postgraduate qualification, is often essential, although an HNC/HND is acceptable for some jobs. Increasingly, graduates also need relevant work experience before applying for their first job.

For a degree in microbiology, you would generally need at least three A levels/three or four H grades, including biology and preferably chemistry, and five GCSEs/S grades (A-C/1-3) including two sciences, English and maths. A good understanding of chemistry and maths is important. Equivalent qualifications are also acceptable. Many institutions offer a one-year introductory course for candidates who have not studied the appropriate science subjects or a Foundation degree in science.

It is also possible to work as a technician or medical laboratory assistant. For this, you would usually need at least four GCSEs/S grades (A-C/1-3), including two sciences, maths and English, or equivalent qualifications. You could train through an Apprenticeship or NHS Cadet scheme. Some technician posts are very skilled, and increasingly applicants have A levels/H grades or equivalent qualifications, degrees or even PhDs in science subjects.

Making the grade

All microbiologists are given continuing on-the-job training to learn new laboratory techniques and IT developments, to keep up to date in their specialist area and to keep abreast of health and safety regulations. There will also be training for personal development, management or supervisory responsibilities.

Microbiologists may also study for postgraduate qualifications, higher degrees, or take exams for membership or fellowship of a professional body. Clinical microbiologists have a four-year training programme to gain registered status, and also work towards membership of the Royal College of Pathologists.

Personal qualities

You would need a strong interest in science, particularly biology, although an interest in chemistry is also useful. You should be able to work accurately and in a well organised way in the laboratory. Some types of work involve following set procedures with rigorous attention to detail and this needs patience and persistence. You would have to show a responsible approach in carrying out your tests and analyses. Communication skills are very important since you would probably be working in a multi-disciplinary team and would need to explain your work to people who do not share your scientific background.